Mamlakatimda grafit resurslarini rivojlantirish va ulardan foydalanishning hozirgi holati va muammolari
O'ta muhim metall bo'lmagan mineral sifatida uning qayta ishlangan mahsulotlari nafaqat temir va po'lat sanoati kabi an'anaviy tarmoqlarda, balki yangi energiya va yangi materiallar kabi rivojlanayotgan tarmoqlarda ham keng qo'llaniladi. yuqori{1}}texnologiyalarning kelajakdagi rivojlanishini qoʻllab-quvvatlash uchun muhim strategik resurs. Xitoy hukumati grafit resurslarini muhofaza qilish, rivojlantirish va ulardan foydalanishga katta ahamiyat beradi. 2016 yil noyabr oyida Davlat kengashi tomonidan tasdiqlangan Milliy mineral resurslar rejasi (2016-2020) strategik minerallar katalogiga birinchi marta 24 ta mineral, shu jumladan grafitni kiritdi.
First, the development status of my country's graphite resources
mening mamlakatim grafit resurslariga boy va kristalli grafit va kriptokristalli grafit butun mamlakat bo'ylab tarqalgan. Hozirda Heilongjiang Luobei, Jixi, Shandong Pingdu, Ichki Mo'g'uliston Xinghe, Jilin Panshi va Hunan Lu kabi to'rtta kristalli grafitni rivojlantirish asoslari shakllandi. Tang va boshqalar. ikkita kriptokristalli grafit asoslari.
Bundan tashqari, so'nggi yillarda mening mamlakatim Panzhihua, Sichuan, Alxa, Ichki Mo'g'uliston, Bayinnur, Hubei Yichang va boshqa joylarda kristalli grafit konlarini topdi va Yongan, Fujian shahrida kriptokristalli grafit konlarini topdi. Ular orasida Sichuan Panjixua grafit koni Pansi shahriga tutashgan Bu yuqori texnologiyali sanoat parki boʻlib, u Xitoy milliy qurilish materiallari guruhini rivojlantirish uchun joriy qilgan va kelajakda yangi grafit ishlab chiqarish va qayta ishlash bazasiga aylanishi kutilmoqda.
2005 yildan 2015 yilgacha mamlakatimizda kristalli grafitning mavjud resurslari barqarorligicha qoldi, zahiralari va asosiy zahiralari unchalik o‘zgarmadi, aniqlangan resurs zahiralari barqaror o‘sib bordi. Bu mening mamlakatimda so'nggi o'n yil ichida kristalli grafit resurslarini o'rganish mening mamlakatimdagi kristalli grafit resurslarini rivojlantirish ehtiyojlarini qondirganligini ko'rsatadi.
From 2005 to 2012, the recoverable resources of cryptocrystalline graphite in my country decreased significantly. After 2012, the recoverable resources of cryptocrystalline graphite in my country tended to be stable. Compared with 2012, the resource reserves, basic reserves and reserves identified in 2014 increased steadily. This reflects that my country's cryptocrystalline graphite has experienced disorderly mining in the past few years, and the resource consumption is very large. However, after 2012, the disordered mining has been effectively curbed, and the demand for cryptocrystalline graphite resource exploration and resource development has become more reasonable.
2. Mamlakatimda grafit resurslaridan foydalanishning hozirgi holati
According to the data of the Non-Metallic Mining Association, the average annual consumption of graphite in my country is about 1 million tons (including artificial graphite), and the annual output value of the industry is about 10 billion to 20 billion yuan. Among them, the consumption of crystalline graphite is about 500,000 to 750,000 tons, which is mainly used in the fields of steel, foundry, and refractory materials. From the consumption structure of graphite, we can see that my country's graphite consumption is mainly concentrated in traditional industries, and accounts for less in emerging industries.
An'anaviy sohalar bo'yicha: grafit iste'molining eng katta qismini tashkil etuvchi po'lat sanoati kelajakda quvvatni kamaytirishga ta'sir qilishi mumkin, bu esa ushbu sanoatda grafit iste'molini kamaytirishi mumkin.
Rivojlanayotgan tarmoqlar: Grafit anodli akkumulyator materiallari bozori tez sur'atlar bilan o'sib bormoqda va grafen bozorida grafit miqdori juda kichik, bu grafitning umumiy iste'moliga juda oz ta'sir qiladi.
3. Mamlakatimda grafit resurslarini ishlab chiqish va ulardan foydalanish muammolari va optimallashtirish yondashuvlari
(1) Grafit resurslarini ishlab chiqish va ulardan foydalanishda mavjud muammolar
1. Tartibsiz qazib olish, resurslarni jiddiy isrof qilish
Grafit resurslarining dastlabki qazib olish jarayonida ko'p sonli kichik xususiy shaxtalar mavjud bo'lib, tartibsiz qazib olish grafit resurslarining tugashini tezlashtirdi. Resurslar integratsiyalashganidan keyin bu holat yaxshilangan bo'lsa-da, grafit konlari hali ham asosan kichik va o'rta konlar{0}} bo'lganligi sababli, tog'-kon sanoati korxonalarida ishlab chiqarishni tizimli rejalashtirish yo'q. Bundan tashqari, bunday tog'-kon korxonalarini qazib olish va tanlash darajasi odatda past bo'lib, resurs chiqindilari hodisasi nisbatan jiddiydir.
2. Haddan tashqari quvvat va bozorning yuqori o'zgaruvchanligi
Due to the strong foreign demand for graphite resources in the early days, my country's graphite output has grown rapidly, and the graphite industry has experienced a rapid development stage. Later, with the decline in foreign demand, the overcapacity of graphite in my country led to a decline in product prices. Various graphite enterprises fell into vicious competition in the process of mutual price reduction. Some enterprises were forced to stop production, and the graphite industry experienced an overall decline.
Since the discovery of graphene, driven by technological progress and rapid social and economic development, the market's demand for graphite has begun to recover, and the amount of graphite mining has increased sharply again. However, enterprises lack the ability to adapt to the market economy, resulting in excess primary products. , Insufficient high-end products.
3. Grafitning tashqi savdo tuzilmasi muvozanatsiz bo'lib, asosan xom rudani sotadi
my country is a major producer and exporter of graphite in the world. The foreign trade of graphite is mainly based on the export of primary graphite products at low prices and the import of high-end application products of graphite at high prices. At present, most of my country's graphite mining enterprises are mainly small and medium-sized mines, while small mining enterprises are mostly workshops. It is a small-scale operation with no deep-processing industrial chain, and mainly sells raw ore.
4. Qazib olish va tanlash jarayoni qoloq, atrof-muhitning ifloslanishi jiddiy
Since most of my country's graphite mining enterprises are small and medium-sized, the technology, equipment, and mining and selection processes are relatively backward. Most companies still use the low-cost hydrofluoric acid method for purification. Hydrofluoric acid itself is highly toxic and produces fluorine-containing wastewater. Improper treatment of wastewater can cause great damage to water sources and the environment.
(2) Grafit resurslarini ishlab chiqish va ulardan foydalanishga optimal yondashuv
1. Grafit resurslarini ishlab chiqish va ulardan foydalanish tizimini optimallashtirish
Siyosatlarni makro-nazorat qilish va bozor mexanizmi birgalikda ishlaganda, oqilona tartibni, tegishli usullarni, tegishli rivojlanish ko'lamini ta'minlash, mahsulotlarning yuqori-yo'nalishdagi rivojlanishini jadallashtirish mumkin. , aniqlangan va chuqur{2}}qayta ishlash va iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy va ekologik manfaatlar-yutuqli vaziyatga erishish.
2. Oqilona konchilik shkalasini belgilang
Qayta tiklanmaydigan resurs sifatida -mening mamlakatim grafit qazib olish ko‘lamini ilmiy rejalashtirishi va himoyaviy qazib olish choralarini ko‘rish va grafit zahiralarining nisbatini oqilona aniqlash orqali grafit resurslarini ortiqcha qazib olish holatlarining oldini olishi kerak.
3. Resurslarni taqsimlashda bozor vositalaridan foydalaning
Grafit resurslarini samarali taqsimlash uchun bozor narxi mexanizmi, raqobat mexanizmi va talab va taklif qonunidan to'liq foydalaning. Grafit resurslarini taqsimlash jarayonida hukumat ortiqcha aralashuvdan qochishi kerak. Hukumat tegishli siyosatni ishlab chiqishi, raqobat qoidalarini belgilashi, yaxshi bozor muhitini yaratish va bozorning sog'lom rivojlanishida yetakchi rol o'ynash uchun samarali choralar ko'rishi mumkin.
4. Grafit sanoat parklari bilan chuqur{1}}qayta ishlangan mahsulotlarni ishlab chiqishni rag‘batlantirish
Grafit sanoatini optimallashtirish va modernizatsiya qilishning zaruriy bosqichi asosiy mahsulotlarni sotishdan chuqur{0}}qayta ishlangan mahsulotlarni sotishga o'tishdir. Grafit mahsulotlarining kelajakdagi rivojlanish yo'nalishi asosan yuqori-texnologik mahsulotlardir. Grafit sanoat parki qurilishini jadallashtirish va grafitni chuqur qayta ishlash sanoatini bosqichma-bosqich rivojlantirish.
xulosa:
China is a big country in graphite resources, but there is still a long way to go before it develops into a powerful country in graphite resources. Only by firming up the development concept of "scientific protection and utilization of high-quality graphite resources, development of deep processing technology and development of high-end products", adjusting product structure, encouraging the development of high value-added products, driving the integrated development of the graphite industry chain, and enhancing the international competitiveness of my country's graphite industry , in order to realize the dream of a powerful country with graphite resources.
