Mahalliy quvvat litiy{0}}ion batareyalarini qayta ishlash sanoati zanjiri toʻliq taralgan
3.1. "Sketch" of domestic power lithium-ion battery recycling: many "sharers"
Lityum ion batareyalarini qayta ishlash bozorining potentsial qiymati va uni qayta ishlashga bo'lgan ijtimoiy zarurat va talab tufayli ko'plab kompaniyalar lityum ion batareyalarini qayta ishlashning sanoat tartibida harakat qilishdi. . Ular orasida iste'foga chiqqan quvvatli lityum{2}}ion batareyalarni kaskaddan foydalanish qolgan issiqlikni yaxshiroq sarflashi mumkin, bu har doim tegishli kompaniyalar tez-tez ishlatib turadigan soha bo'lib kelgan.
After the previous attempts of related companies and the "blue thread" on behalf of companies (such as my country's iron towers, etc.), the commercialization of domestic power lithium-ion battery recycling is gradually moving towards large-scale development. As the largest user unit in the field of cascade utilization of retired batteries, my country's iron tower plans to continue to expand the scale of use of cascaded batteries, and stop purchasing lead-acid batteries, replacing them with cascaded lithium-ion batteries.
Shu bilan birga, quvvatli litiy{0}}ion batareyalarni qayta ishlash bilan shug'ullanadigan kompaniyalar turlari asta-sekin diversifikatsiya qilindi, bu asta-sekin kelajakdagi tendentsiyaga aylandi. Lityum ion batareyalarini qayta ishlash bozoridagi kompaniyalar akkumulyator ishlab chiqarish zanjiridagi ko'pgina kompaniyalarni o'z ichiga oladi, masalan, akkumulyatordan foydalanuvchi bloklar, akkumulyator ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniyalar, materiallar kompaniyalari, energiya saqlash kompaniyalari, uskunalar ishlab chiqaruvchilar va avtomobil kompaniyalari.
Xitoyda 12 ta muhim quvvatli lityum{1}}ionli akkumulyatorlarni qayta ishlash kompaniyalari mavjud boʻlib, muhim texnik yoʻnalish nam usul hisoblanadi. Ularning orasida Pekin Saidemei texnik yo'nalish sifatida lityum temir fosfatni ta'mirlash va qayta tiklashni oladi, Quzhou Huayou, Harbin batareyasi va Shandong Weineng akkumulyator xom ashyosini ishlab chiqaradi, qolganlari esa uch tomonlama materiallar ishlab chiqaradi. Misol tariqasida Jingmen GEMni oladigan bo'lsak, qayta tiklangan quvvatli lityum ion batareyasi tushirish, demontaj qilish, maydalash va saralash kabi dastlabki tozalash bosqichlaridan o'tadi, so'ngra sulfat kislota bilan yuvishdan o'tadi va filtr qoldiqlari zararsiz ishlov berishdan o'tadi. Filtrat Fe, Al va boshqa nopok ionlarni olib tashlash uchun neytrallanadi, so'ngra Mn, Cu, Zn sulfat olish uchun ekstraksiya qilinadi va Cu va Zn olish uchun elektrodepozit qilinadi. Ni tuzi va Co tuzi kimyoviy yog'ingarchilik bilan ajratiladi va kislotali yuvishdan so'ng metall element vodorodni qayta tiklash orqali olinadi.
3.2. O'zaro manfaat va g'alaba-vaziyat: batareya sanoati zanjirlari o'rtasida qayta ishlash bo'yicha biznes hamkorligi asta-sekin mustahkamlanmoqda
Batareya sanoati zanjirining yuqori va quyi oqimi o'rtasidagi hamkorlik kelajakdagi muqarrar tendentsiya bo'lib, u quvvatli lityum{0}}ion batareyalarni qayta ishlash jarayonining murakkabligi bilan belgilanadi.
(1) Mas'uliyat istiqboli: ishlab chiqaruvchining javobgarligini kengaytirish tizimini yaratish yoki atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish xarajatlarini ichkilashtirishning muqarrar talabi bo'ladimi, iste'molchi terminallarida joylashgan avtomobil kompaniyalari o'zlari sotadigan elektr transport vositalarida tegishli ishlarni bajarishlari shart va ular iste'molchilar bilan eng to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aloqadir. Bog'lanishlar, uning afzalliklari kanallarda yotadi, lekin uning kamchiliklari qayta foydalanish va materiallarni ishlab chiqarish imkoniyatlarida yotadi. Shu sababli, avtomobil kompaniyalari va akkumulyator kompaniyalari o'rtasidagi hamkorlik muhim tendentsiya hisoblanadi.
(2) Usul nuqtai nazari: past tezlikda ishlaydigan avtomobillar, maishiy energiyani saqlash va hokazolar kaskaddan foydalanish uchun muhim yo'nalish hisoblanadi, uchlamchi prekursorlar va katod tayyorlash esa ularni qayta ishlashdan keyin materiallari uchun muhim manzildir. Shu sababli, qayta ishlash kompaniyalari va quyi oqim ilovalari kompaniyalari o'rtasidagi hamkorlik ham muhim tendentsiya hisoblanadi. .
(3) Iqtisodiy istiqbol: Iqtisodiyot qayta ishlash bozorining o'sishiga yordam beradigan asosiy elementdir. Ilgari, akkumulyator kompaniyalari odatda resurs cheklovlari va yuqori oqim narxlari muammolari tufayli yuqori oqimga vertikal kengaytirish vositalarini qabul qilishgan. Shu maqsadda material ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniyalar va akkumulyator kompaniyalari tegishli biznesni kengaytirishga undaydi.
At present, the cooperation between my country's battery industry chain has been demonstrated in many leading companies. From the beginning of the cooperation between power lithium-ion battery companies, materials companies, and related recycling companies, more and more car companies will also participate in the "cooperation alliance" model with the opening of the cascade utilization market.
3.3. "Cost reduction" and "closed loop" are the driving force of the business model
According to the different nature of the leading companies in the existing domestic business models, my country's power lithium-ion battery recycling market has spawned: power lithium-ion battery company recycling business model, lithium battery material company recycling business model, and cascade utilization business model.
(1) The recycling business model of the power lithium-ion battery company is dominated by the power lithium-ion battery production company, and the "recycling" of the card position improves the upstream bargaining power of raw materials and reduces the cost of battery production, which has become the source of this type of business model. Representative domestic companies include CATL, BYD, Guoxuan Hi-Tech, etc. On the other hand, judging from the requirements of the production responsibility extension system, power lithium-ion battery manufacturers often shoulder the responsibility of power lithium-ion battery recycling. At present, with the further expansion of the power lithium-ion battery market potential, major power lithium-ion battery companies have cooperated with material companies and third-party recycling institutions in the form of establishing strategic alliances and equity participation to deploy battery recycling business.
Misol uchun, Ningde davri xom ashyoni qazib olish sanoatining rejasini aqlli ravishda chetlab o'tdi va qayta ishlash biznesini rejalashtirish orqali o'z batareyalarining xarajatlarini kamaytirish maydonini ma'lum darajada yaxshiladi.
In 2013 and 2015, Ningde Times increased its holdings of Bangpu Recycling, holding 69.02 percent of the shares of Bangpu, and then in September 2019, it established Ningbo Bangpu Times New Energy Co., Ltd. with a joint venture of 3.6 billion yuan with Bangpu Cycle. It marks the further expansion of CATL's layout in upstream cathode materials.
As early as 2008, Bump Cycle, a subsidiary of CATL, creatively proposed the concept of "upstream and downstream" recycling, and under the guidance of the government, it pioneered the recycling system of used batteries in my country. At present, Bangpu has set up 15 recycling outlets nationwide. These outlets directly connect with the sales and after-sales service network of car companies, which can partially solve the shortcomings of recycling outlets of car companies. In terms of resource recovery technology, Bangpu conducts fully automated pretreatments such as crushing, pyrolysis, crushing and repeated screening and magnetic separation of waste lithium-ion batteries to obtain concentrates containing nickel and cobalt, and then undergoes a series of chemical impurity removal and other processes. A ternary material precursor (nickel-hydrogen-manganese hydroxide) is generated in a specific shape. The ternary precursor and lithium carbonate are used as reactants, and are sintered in an oxygen atmosphere according to a set temperature program to obtain a nickel cobalt lithium manganate cathode material.
(2) The recycling business model of lithium battery material companies is dominated by lithium battery materials companies. By recycling key metal resources in waste batteries, an industrial closed loop and cost reduction space are formed, which has become the source of power for the development of this type of business model. Among them, ternary precursor companies have deployed in the field of lithium battery recycling, Guanghua Technology, GEM, Hunan Bangpu, Huayou Cobalt, Ganzhou Highpower (Xiamen Tungsten Industry Holdings) were selected as the first batch of "New Energy Vehicle Waste Power Battery Comprehensive Utilization Industry" Specification Conditions". In addition, Zhongwei Co., Ltd., Ganfeng Lithium Industry, Guangdong Jiana, Jinchi Energy, etc. also have the ability to recover lithium batteries.
1) Huayou Cobalt o'zining yuqori oqim manbalari rejasini ko'paytirganda va mineral resurslarni sotib olganida, u kobalt resurslari sohasida xom ashyo etkazib berish kanallarini potentsial ravishda kengaytirishi va barqaror resurs ta'minoti va xarajatlar barqarorligini ta'minlaydigan quyi oqimni qayta ishlash sanoatini ham ishga tushiradi.
"Huayou Cobalt Industry" has a wholly-owned subsidiary, "Zhejiang Huayou Circulation Technology Co., Ltd.". In 2018, Huayou Recycling was recommended by Zhejiang Provincial Economic and Information Commission as the leading unit for the pilot work of recycling and utilization of power battery for new energy vehicles in the province. The special recycling production line put into operation by Huayou Cycle in 2018 has achieved an annual processing capacity of 64,680 tons of retired power batteries, and can comprehensively recover 5,783 tons of cobalt (metal content), 9,432 tons of nickel (metal content), 2,050 tons of lithium (metal content) and Manganese, copper foil, aluminum foil and other valuable elements.
2) Resurslarni integratsiyalash va tarmoqlararo hamkorlikni mustahkamlash orqali GEM quvvat litiy{2}}ion batareyalarini qayta tiklash sanoatida texnik afzalliklarni va miqyosdagi afzalliklarni to'pladi.
GEM conducts its business layout according to the new energy full life cycle value chain of "battery recycling - raw material recycling - material recycling - battery pack recycling - new energy vehicle service". The company has cooperated with well-known domestic and foreign companies such as BAIC, BYD, and Samsung to open a large-scale social responsibility cycle system led by automobile factories, participated by battery factories, and undertaken by recycling companies, and realized the implementation of the full life cycle value chain model. At the same time, the company has successively signed vehicle battery recycling and disposal agreements with more than 160 car companies and battery companies.
(3) The representative company of the cascade utilization business model is my country Tower. As a third-party company, its main business is not battery and battery recycling business, but its main business type has a good fit with the cascade utilization of power lithium-ion battery recycling. For example, my country's iron tower is not only a consumer of retired batteries, but also a retired battery. Battery recyclers, based on the relevant experience of my country's iron towers, have summed up three ways to use lithium-ion batteries in a cascade, namely reassembly, direct combination of battery modules, and use of the whole package.
The key to the commercial recycling model of my country's iron towers is to cooperate with car companies and power lithium-ion battery companies to jointly build a shared recycling network. At present, my country Tower has signed strategic cooperation agreements with FAW, Dongfeng, Jianghuai, BYD, Weilai and many other new energy vehicle companies. These cooperation agreements mainly serve the recycling of retired batteries of new energy vehicles. At the same time, my country Tower is also actively conducting strategic cooperation with power lithium-ion battery companies. In January 2018, my country Tower and Guoxuan Hi-Tech signed a strategic cooperation agreement for the cascade recycling of power lithium-ion batteries. Guoxuan Hi-Tech and my country Tower have become strategic partners. Work together to promote the application of cascade power lithium-ion batteries in the field of communication base stations.
my country's iron towers have huge potential for cascade utilization of retired power lithium-ion batteries as energy storage batteries for base stations and have a broad market. As early as 2015, my country's iron tower companies have successively carried out the test of replacing lead-acid batteries with cascaded batteries in more than 3,000 base stations in 12 provinces and cities, which fully verified the safety and technical economy of cascaded utilization. In 2018, my country's iron tower company has stopped purchasing lead-acid batteries, but purchased retired power lithium-ion batteries from 20 companies including Shenzhen BYD. As of 2018, my country's iron towers have used a total of about 1.5GWh of cascade recycling batteries in about 120,000 base stations across the country, replacing about 45,000 tons of lead-acid batteries, becoming a leading company in the national cascade utilization industry.
With the advent of the 5G era, the construction of 5G base stations in my country's iron towers will usher in a rapid rise in the next few years. If cascaded batteries are applied to 5G base stations, the tower's demand for cascaded batteries will rise further. Based on the use of 12.5kWh cascade utilization batteries for each base station, we have integrated 5G spectrum and corresponding coverage enhancement methods. There are 4.45 million 4G base stations), with a total of about 5-6 million. The total demand for batteries corresponding to the cascade utilization will reach 62.5GWh-75GWh, which can basically be effectively digested by the future decommissioned batteries.
3.4. Xarajatlarni kamaytirish modelini yaratish: xarajatlarni kamaytirish mantiqiga boshqa nuqtai nazardan qarash
3.4.1. Demontaj va qayta ishlash orqali xarajatlarni kamaytirishni hisoblash: lityum batareyalar ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniyalarning xarajatlarni kamaytirish mantig'i
Chiqindidagi quvvat litiy{0}}ionli batareya resurslarini demontaj qilish va qayta ishlash resurslar tanqisligini yumshatadi va shu bilan tegishli resurslardan foydalanish va bozor materiallariga bog'liqlikni kamaytiradi. Shu bilan birga, moddiy kompaniyalar qayta ishlangan metallarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri sotish orqali ham ma'lum iqtisodiy foyda keltirishi mumkin. Shu maqsadda biz lityum ion batareyalarini qayta ishlash jarayonida kirish xarajatlarini kamaytirish va qayta ishlangan materiallarning narxini pasaytirish uchun mos keladigan matematik model shaklida ifodalangan iqtisodiy baholash modelini quramiz. miqdoriy tahlil qilish uchun qulay bo'lgan keyingi quvvatli lityum{2}}ionli batareya ishlab chiqarish uchun. .
Xarajatlarni tahlil qilish usuliga ko'ra chiqindi quvvati lityum{0}}ion batareyasining daromad modeli o'rnatiladi. Daromadni (E) quyidagi formula bilan ifodalash mumkin: bu yerda Esell demontaj natijasida olingan barcha qimmatbaho metallar to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri sotilishini bildiradi (bu yerda faqat nikel, kobalt, marganets va litiy hisobga olinadi), CRecycle hisobga olinadigan tegishli xarajatlarni ifodalaydi. qimmatbaho metallarni demontaj qilish va qayta ishlash jarayonida.
Yuqoridagi jadvalga ko'ra, tashlab yuborilgan 1 tonna uchlik batareyani qayta ishlash qiymati 21 900 yuanni tashkil qiladi, 1 tonna lityum temir fosfat batareyasini qayta ishlash qiymati esa 21 400 yuanni tashkil qiladi. Keyinchalik, uchlik batareyalarni demontaj qilish natijasida olingan Ni, Co, Mn va Li ning qayta ishlash afzalliklarini o'lchaymiz. Bir tonna uchun lityum temir fosfat batareyalarini demontaj qilish va qayta ishlash natijasida olingan mahsulotlar temir fosfat, litiy karbonat va alyuminiy materiallar bo'lganligi sababli, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri demontaj qilish va qayta ishlashning iqtisodiy foydalari katta emas va kaskaddan foydalanish yoki utilizatsiya qilishga ustuvor ahamiyat beriladi. xarajatlar ma'muriy vositalar va subsidiyalar orqali ichkilashtiriladi. , iqtisodiyot paydo bo'ladi.
CRecycleni demontaj qilish va qayta ishlash xarajatlarini aniqlagandan so'ng, biz Esellni, ya'ni demontajdan tiklangan qimmatbaho metallarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri sotishdan olingan daromadni aniqlashimiz kerak.
3.4.2. Calculation of cost reduction of "peak and valley arbitrage" of cascade utilization
Considering that a large number of lithium iron phosphate batteries will be retired in the future, the dismantling and recycling of simple lithium iron phosphate batteries does not have much economic benefits. Therefore, cascade utilization will become the best choice for decommissioned lithium iron phosphate batteries. The battery capacity of retired lithium iron phosphate batteries is often still 70 percent -80 percent , and in some occasions, it still has good energy storage benefits. Therefore, we designed a model of an energy storage power station based on retired lithium iron phosphate batteries, using "peak-valley arbitrage" to gain benefits.
